Bibliography

Here is a list of all references from Designing Virtual Worlds, arranged alphabetically by surname of author; if the "author" is an organisation rather than an individual, I've gone by the first word of its name. Note that for movies I've put the screenwriter's name before the director's because I don't feel writers get enough credit; I'm sure this will help me no end in my quest to get my own screenplays produced...

• Aarseth, Espen J.: Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature.
  Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins University Press, 1997.

• Ackegård, Håkan: Rachel in Cairo.
  2000
  http://my.homeip.net/hack/torg/rachel_kairo.html.

• Allen, Christopher: The Skotos Cellular Automata Simulation System: A Tech Summary.
  Skotos, 2002
  http://www.kanga.nu/archives/MUD-Dev-L/2002Q2/msg00521.php.

• Allen, Tony: MUD Stats.
  The Mud Journal, July 1999
  http://www.mudworld.org/archives/TMJ/editorials/jul99/allen2.php3.

• Anders, Peter: Envisioning Cyberspace: Designing 3D Electronic Spaces.
  New York, McGraw-Hill, 1998.

• Andreasen, Erwin S. and Downey, Brandon A.: Measuring Bartle-Quotient.
  1999-present
  http://www.andreasen.org/bartle/.

• Appelcline, Shannon: Why Marrach Isn't the Movies.
  Skotos, Trials, Triumphs & Trivialities, 2001
  http://www.skotos.net/articles/TTnT_31.html
  http://www.skotos.net/articles/TTnT_36.html
  http://www.skotos.net/articles/TTnT_40.html
  http://www.skotos.net/articles/TTnT_41.html.

• Baron, Jonathan: Glory and Shame: Powerful Psychology in Multiplayer Online Games.
  San Jose, Proceedings of the Computer Game Developers Conference, 1999
  http://www.gamasutra.com/features/19991110/Baron_01.htm.

• Bartle, Jennifer G.: The Adventures of Tilly and Mog.
  http://www.jennybartle.com/cartoons.htm.

• Bartle, Richard: Home Page.
  http://www.richardbartle.co.uk.
  Note: this is my namesake, not me.

• Bartle, Richard A.: A Voice from the Dungeon.
  Practical Computing, December 1983
  http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/avftd.htm.

• Bartle, Richard A.: Stuck in the MUD.
  London, Your Commodore, Argus Press, 1985
  http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/ycmar85.htm.

• Bartle, Richard A.: Interactive Multi-User Computer Games.
  MUSE Ltd., December 1990
  http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/imucg.htm.

• Bartle, Richard A. and Kathuria, Paola: Problems in the MUD.
  Newsletter of the Organisation against Sexism in Software, December 1990/Februrary 1991
  http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/oadec90.htm
  http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/oafeb91a.htm
  http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/oafeb91b.htm.

• Bartle, Richard A.: The MUDspeke Dictionary.
  Muse Ltd., 1992
  http://www.mud.co.uk/muse/speke.htm.

• Bartle, Richard A.: Hearts, Clubs, Diamonds, Spades: Players who Suit MUDs.
  Journal of MUD Research Vol. 1 (1), June 1996
  http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/hcds.htm.

• Bartle, Richard A.: Vampires.
  The SO Book of Spoons
  http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/sbos10.htm.

• Bates, Daniel G.: Cultural Anthropology.
  Needham Heights MA, Allyn & Bacon, 1996.

• Baudrillard, Jean: Simulacra and Simulations.
  Poster, Mark (editor): Jean Baudrillard, Selected Writings.
  Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1988
  http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Baudrillard/Baudrillard_Simulacra.html.

• Beezer, John L.: Virtual Currencies and Virtual Worlds.
  Valencia Spain, 1996
  http://adhostnt.adhost.com/beezer/resume/virtec.doc.

• Bell, David and Kennedy, Barbara M. (editors): The Cybercultures Reader.
  New York, Routledge, 2000.

• Bellisario, Donald P.: Battlestar Galactica.
  USA, ABC network, 1978.

• Benedikt, Claire: Tinysex is Safe Sex.
  Infobahn Magazine: The Magazine of Internet Culture, June 1995
  http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~claire/texts/thoughts.html.

• Benedikt, Michael (editor): Cyberspace: First Steps.
  Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 1991.

• Berman, Joshua and Bruckman, Amy S.: The Turing Game: Exploring Identity in an Online Environment.
  Convergence Vol. 7 (3), 2001
  http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/papers/convergence-tg-01.pdf.

• Berman, Rick and Piller, Michael: Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.
  USA, Paramount, 1993.

• Berman, Rick, Yaylor, Jeri and Piller, Michael: Star Trek: Voyager.
  USA, Paramount, 1995.

• Bers, Marina Umaschi: Identity Construction Environments: Developing Personal and Moral Values through the Design of a Virtual City.
  Journal of the Learning Sciences Vol. 10 (4), 2001
  http://www.tufts.edu/~mbers01/JLS-Bers.pdf.

• Blackburn, Jolly: Knights of the Dinner Table.
  KenzerCo
  http://www.kenzerco.com/periodicals/kodt.

• Booth Simpson, Zachary: The In-game Economics of Ultima Online.
  Origin Systems Inc., April 1999
  http://www.mine-control.com/zack/uoecon/uoecon.html.

• Breau, Gil: A Real Player Economy.
  Stratics, May 2001
  http://swg.stratics.com/content/feature/editorials/editorial051501.shtml.

• Breau, Gil: Online World Economy.
  SWG-de, May 2002
  http://swg-de.emr.net/a29.php.

• Breau, Gil: Py's Politics.
  http://swg-de.emr.net/e3.php.

• Bromberg, Heather: Are MUDs Communities? Identity, Belonging and Consciousness in Virtual Worlds.
  Rob Shields (editor), Cultures of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies.
  London, Sage, 1996.

• Brown, Lawrie: MUDs: Serious Research Tools or Just Another Game.
  Technical Report CS14/93, Department of Computer Science, University College, University of New South Wales, 1993
  http://www.unsw.adfa.edu.au/~lpb/papers/mud93.txt.

• Bruckman, Amy S.: Identity Workshop: Emergent Social and Psychological Phenomena in Text-Based Virtual Reality.
  MIT Media Laboratory, March 1992
  ftp://ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/people/asb/papers/identity-workshop.rtf.

• Bruckman, Amy S.: Gender Swapping on the Internet.
  San Francisco, Proceedings of the International Networking Conference, 1993
  http://www.cc.gatech.edu/elc/papers/bruckman/gender-swapping-bruckman.pdf.

• Burgess, Jed, Jahr, Michael, Keljo, Jonathan, Schroeder, Josh and Sweitzer, Wilson: Controlling the Virtual World: Governance of On-Line Communities.
  Stanford University, 1999
  http://www-cse.stanford.edu/classes/cs201/projects-98-99/controlling-the-virtual-world/index.html.

• Busey, Andrew: Secrets of the MUD Wizards: Playing and Programming MUDs, MOOs, MUSHes, MUCKs and other Internet Role-Playing Games.
  Indianapolis, Sams.net Publishing, 1995.

• Butler, Dianne P.: MUDs as Social Learning Environments.
  Medievia MudSlinger Online, July 1999
  http://www.medievia.com/mudslinger/solpaper.html.

• Campbell, Joseph: The Hero with a Thousand Faces.
  Princeton, Bollington Series17, Princeton University Press, 1949.

• Carazo-Chandler, Christian: Online Migration and Population Mobility in a Virtual Gaming Setting - Ultima Online.
  1999
  OMVGSUO.doc (local copy).

• Carazo-Chandler, Christian: Conceptualising Geography in a Virtual World Environment - eCOSM.
  2000-2001
  CGVWE.doc (local copy).

• Cardell, Mikael: Computers, Storytelling and World Creation: The Reader as Writer in Multi-Participant Interactive Fiction.
  Department of Language and Literature, Linköping University, 1994
  http://www.hack.org/~mc/writings/world2.txt.

• Carlstrom, Eva-Lise: Better Living Through Languages: The Communicative Implications of a Text-Only Virtual Environment, or Welcome to LambdaMOO!.
  Grinnell College, May 1992
  ftp://ftp.game.org/pub/mud/text/research/communicative.txt.

• Casey, Travis S.: What's Entertainment?.
  Skotos, Building Stories, Telling Games, 24 August 2001
  http://www.skotos.net/articles/BSTG_15.html.

• Castronova, Edward: Virtual Worlds: A First-Hand Account of Market and Society on the Cyberian Frontier.
  CESifo Working Paper Series No. 618, 2001
  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=294828.

• Castronova, Edward: On Virtual Economies.
  CESifo Working Paper Series No. 752, 2002
  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=338500.

• Cherny, Lynn: Gender Differences in Text-Based Virtual Reality.
  Berkeley, Proceedings of the Berkeley Conference on Women and Language, April 1994
  ftp://ftp.lambda.moo.mud.org/pub/MOO/papers/GenderMOO.tex.

• Cherny, Lynn: The Modal Complexity of Speech Events in a Social MUD.
  Stanford University, 1995
  http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/social/papers/cherny1.txt

• Cherny, Lynn: "Objectifying" the Body in the Discourse of an Object-Oriented MUD.
  Stanford University, 1995
  http://fragment.nl/mirror/Cherny/Objectifying_the_body.txt.

• Cherny, Lynn: Conversation and Community: Chat in a Virtual World.
  Stanford, CSLI Publications, 1999.

• Chung, Jennifer, Linder, Jason, Liu, Ian, Seltzer, Wendy and Tse, May: Democratic Structures in Cyberspace.
  MIT, 1998
  http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/6095/student-papers/fall98-papers/democracy/whitepaper.html.

• Churchyard, Henry: The Singular "they", "their" etc. Construction.
  http://www.crossmyt.com/hc/linghebr/austheir.html.

• Cicognani, Anna: A Linguistic Characterisation of Design in Text-Based Virtual Worlds.
  Department of Architectural and Design Science, University of Sydney, 1998
  http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/~anna/phd/final.html.

• Cicognani, Anna: On the Linguistic Nature of Cyberspace and Virtual Communities.
  London, Springer-Verlag, Virtual Reality Society Journal Vol. 3 (1) 25-33, 1998
  http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/~anna/papers/language.pdf.

• Cicognani, Anna: Architectural Design for Online Environments.
  Kolko, Beth (editor): Virtual Commons: Policy and Community in an Electronic Age.
  New York, Columbia University Press, 1999
  http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/~anna/papers/kolko.pdf.
  Note: I'm not entirely sure that the Kolko book in which this is a chapter actually exists.

• Clodius, Jennifer A.: Concepts of Space and Place in a Virtual Community.
  1994
  http://www.dragonmud.com/people/jen/space.html.

• Clodius, Jennifer A.: Creating a Community of Interest: "Self" and "Other" on DragonMUD.
  1995
  http://www.dragonmud.com/people/jen/mudshopiii.html.

• Clodius, Jennifer A.: Shar's Return: Performance as Gift.
  1996
  http://dragonmud.org/people/jen/shar.html.

• Clodius, Jennifer A.: Orality in a Text-Based Community.
  1996
  http://dragonmud.org/people/jen/oral.html.

• Clodius, Jennifer A.: Religion in DragonMUD.
  1996
  http://www.dragonmud.com/people/jen/ritual.html.

• Clute, John and Nicholls, Peter (editors): The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (2^nd edition).
  London, Orbit, 1993.

• Collins, Howard: Mu's Unbelievably Long and Disjointed Ramblings about RPG Design.
  2001
  http://mu.ranter.net/theory/printversion.html.

• Confucius: Analects.
  For an English translation, see:
  Muller, Charles (translator): The Analects of Confucius.
  1990
  http://www.hm.tyg.jp/~acmuller/contao/analects.htm.

• Cooper, Wesley E.: Virtual Reality and the Metaphysics of Self, Community and Nature.
  International Journal of Applied Philosophy Vol. 9 (2), 1995
  http://cogsci.l.chiba-u.ac.jp/IPPE/preprints/Metaphysics/Cooper.VR_and_theMetaphysics_of_Self,_Community_,and_Nature/vr-mud.txt.
  Note: link checked 14 July 2003 - failed

• Cooper, Wesley E.: Wizards, Toads and Ethics: Reflections of a MOO Administrator.
  CMC Magazine, January 1996
  http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1996/jan/cooper.html.

• Cranford, Michael: The Social Trajectory of Virtual Reality: Substantive Ethics in a World Without Constraints.
  Technology and Society Vol. 18, 1996
  http://sundoulos.com/articles.aspx?in=18.

• Crichton, Michael (writer and director): Westworld.
  USA, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1973.

• Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly: Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience.
  New York, Harper & Row, 1990.

• Curtis, Pavel: Social Phenomena in Text-Based Virtual Realities.
  Berkeley, Proceedings of the Conference on Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing, March 1992
  http://www.ics.uci.edu/~jpd/moo/curtis92mudding.pdf.

• Curtis, Pavel and Nichols, David A.: MUDs Grow Up: Social Virtual Reality in the Real World.
  Xerox PARC, 1993
  http://www.eff.org/Net_culture/MOO_MUD_IRC/muds_grow_up.paper.

• Dailey, Karrin: The Dreaded "R" Word.
  Skotos, The Medium, 14 April 2003
  http://www.skotos.net/articles/medium11.shtml.

• Danet, Brenda: Text as Mask: Gender and Identity on the Internet.
  Venice, Proceedings of the Conference on Masquerade and Gendered Identity, 1996
  http://atar.mscc.huji.ac.il/~msdanet/mask.html.

• Davis, Erik: TechGnosis.
  New York, Harmony Books, 1998
  http://www.techgnosis.com/techgnosis/techgnosis.html (extracts only).

• Dawson, Lorne L.: Doing Religion in Cyberspace: The Promise and the Perils.
  The Council of Societies for the Study of Religion Bulletin Vol. 30 (1), 2001
  http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/SOC/relcybercsssr.htm.

• de Kleer, Johan: Qualitative and Quantitative Reasoning in Classical Mechanics.
  Winston, Patrick H. and Brown, Richard H. (editors): Artificial Intelligence: an MIT perspective.
  Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 1978.

• Desser, Daphne: Gender Morphing in Cyberspace.
  University of Michigan, Journal of Electronic Publishing Vol. 6 (1), September 2000
  http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/06-01/desser.html.

• Deuel, Nancy R.: Our Passionate Response to Virtual Reality.
  Herring, Susan C. (editor): Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives
  Philadelphia, John Benjamins North America, 1996.

• Dharmatrata, Acharya (editor): Udana-Varga.
  http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/bskt/udanav/udana.htm.
  Note: that's in Sanskrit. I can't find an English translation of the whole work (on the Internet), but for an English translation of a text with which it shares many verses (unfortunately, not chapter 5 verse 18), see:
  Bhikkhu, Thanissaro (translator): Dhammapada.
  http://www.buddhismtoday.com/english/texts/khuddaka/dhp/index.html.

• Dibbell, Julian: A Rape in Cyberspace: How an Evil Clown, a Haitian Trickster Spirit, Two Wizards, and a Cast of Dozens Turned a Database Into a Society.
  The Village Voice Vol. 38 (51), December 1993
  http://www.juliandibbell.com/texts/bungle_vv.html.

• Dibbell, Julian: MUD Money: A Talk on Virtual Value and, Incidentally, the Value of the Virtual.
  Rutgers University, Proceedings and Stages of the Virtual, April 1995
  http://www.juliandibbell.com/texts/mudmoney.html.

• Dibbell, Julian: My Tiny Life: Crime and Passion in a Virtual World..
  London, Fourth Estate, 1999.

• Dibbell, Julian: The Unreal Estate Boom.
  Wired, January 2003
  http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.01/gaming.html.

• Dick, Philip K.: We Can Remember It for You Wholesale.
  New York, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Mercury Press, April 1966.

• Dieberger, Andreas: Navigation in Textual Virtual Environments using a City Metaphor.
  Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Vienna University of Technology, 1994
  http://homepage.mac.com/juggle5/WORK/publications/thesis/ThesisPDF.html.

• Dietrich, Rick, Grear, Jill and Ruth, Amber: How Real Is Communication in the Virtual World of Cyberspace?.
  Department of Psychology, Miami University, 1998
  http://www.units.muohio.edu/psybersite/cyberspace/cmcreal/.

• Docherty, Michael E. Jr.: MOO as Tool, MOO as Realm: A Response to Don Langham.
  CMC Magazine Vol. 1 (7), November 1994
  http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1994/nov/moo.html.

• Dodge, Martin and Kitchin, Rob: Mapping Cyberspace.
  New York, Routledge, 2001.

• Dodge, Martin and Kitchin, Rob: Atlas of Cyberspace.
  London, Addison-Wesley, 2001.

• Donath, Judith S.: Inhabiting the Virtual City: The Design of Social Environments for Electronic Communities.
  School of Architecture and Planning, MIT, 1996
  http://smg.media.mit.edu/people/Judith/Thesis/.

• Döring, Nicola: Feminist Views of Cybersex: Victimization, Liberation, and Empowerment.
  Cyberpsychology and Behaviour Vol. 3 (5), 2000
  http://www.nicola-doering.de/publications/cybersex-doering-2000.pdf.

• Dumas, Alexandre: Les Trois Mousquetaires.
  Paris, Le Siècle, March-July 1844
  ftp://sailor.gutenberg.org/pub/gutenberg/etext98/1musk10.txt.

• Edwards, Ron: GNS and Other Matters of Role-Playing Theory.
  Adept Press, 2001
  http://www.indie-rpgs.com/articles/1/.

• Edwards, Vickie: The New Societies: Issues within MUDs and Other Virtual Communities.
  Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of South Alabama, 2000
  http://www.nacave.com/vickie/cyberculture/newsocieties.html.

• Elliott, Jason, Adams, Lori and Bruckman, Amy S.: No Magic Bullet: 3D Video Games in Education.
  Seattle, Proceedings of the International Conference on the Learning Sciences, 2002.
  http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/papers/aquamoose-icls02.pdf.

• Emert, Herbert: (untitled).
  1993
  http://ftp.uni-koeln.de/institute/soziologiesem/cmc/emert.n01.zip.

• Erikson, Thomas: From Interface to Interplace: The Spatial Environment as a Medium for Interaction.
  Elba Itlay, Proceedings of the Conference on Spatial Information Theory, 1993
  http://www.pliant.org/personal/Tom_Erickson/Interplace.html.

• Fanderclai, Tari Lin: MUDs in Education: New Environments, New Pedagogies.
  CMC Magazine Vol. 2 (1), January 1995
  http://www.ibiblio.org/cmc/mag/1995/jan/fanderclai.html.

• Farmer, F. Randall: Social Dimensions of Habitat's Citizenry.
  Loeffler, Carl Eugene and Anderson, Tim (editors): The Virtual Reality Casebook
  New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992
  http://www.kanga.nu/archives/MUD-Dev-L/1997Q2/msg00978.php.

• Farmer, F. Randall, Morningstar, Chip and Crockford, Douglas: From Habitat to Global Cyberspace.
  San Francisco, Proceedings of CompCon, March 1994
  http://ftp.game.org/pub/mud/text/research/hab2cybr.txt.

• Field, Syd: Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting.
  New York, Dell, 1979.

• Fisher, Jeffrey: The Postmodern Paradiso: Dante, Cyberpunk and the Technosophy of Cyberspace.
  Porter, David (editor): Internet Culture
  New York, Routledge, 1997.

• Flaming, Todd H.: The Rules of Cyberspace: Informal Law in a New Jurisdiction.
  Illinois Bar Journal, April 1997
  http://www.sw.com/pubs/Rulescyb.htm.

• Foner, Leonard N.: Entertaining Agents: A Sociological Case Study.
  Montreal, Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1995
  http://foner.www.media.mit.edu/people/foner/Reports/IJCAI-95/Julia.txt.

• Geertz, Clifford: The Interpretation of Cultures.
  New York, Basic Books, 1973.

• Gibson, William: Neuromancer.
  New York, Ace Books, 1984.

• Gibson, William: Idoru.
  New York, Putnam Publishing Group, 1996.

• Gilber, Laurel: Virtual Sex: The Final Frontier.
  1995
  http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/social/papers/gilber2.txt.

• Gilbert, William S. and Sullivan, Arthur: The Gondoliers or The King of Barataria.
  London, Savoy Theatre, 1889.

• Giner-Sorolla, Roger: Crimes Against Mimesis.
  April 1996
  http://bang.dhs.org/if/library/design/mimesis.html.

• Gleichman, Brian: ThreeFold Debates.
  http://home.comcast.net/~b.gleichman/Theory/Threefold/Main.htm.
  Note: link checked 14 July 2003 - failed

• Goetz, Phil: Literary Role-Play in Cyberspace.
  Rilstone, Andrew (editor): Interactive Fantasy 4.
  London, Hogshead Publishing, 1995
  http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/ifan295.htm.

• Green, Tim: Brave New World.
  London, MCV, Intent Media, August 30 2002
  bravenewworld.html (local copy).

• Greenfield, David N.: Virtual Addiction: Help for Netheads, Cyberfreaks, and Those Who Love Them.
  Oakland CA, New Harbinger Publications, 1999.

• Griffith, Marian: The Tailor Problem.
  http://www.kanga.nu/FAQs/MUD-Dev-L/30.html.

• Grimm, Thomas and Mitlöhner, Johann: Developing a Virtual Reality for the Simulation of Agent Based Economic Models.
  Departments of Applied Economics and Applied Computer Science, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, 1995
  developingavr.html (local copy).

• Gygax, E. Gary and Arneson, Dave: Dungeons & Dragons.
  Lake Geneva WI, Tactical Studies Rules, 1973.

• Haeberle, Chuck: An Essay on Ethics and Virtual Reality.
  http://www.legendmud.org/Bibliography/texts/essay.html.

• Hany, Darryl and Chadwick, Frank: En Garde!.
  Bloomington IL, Games Designers Workshop, 1975.

• Haraway, Donna: A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century.
  Haraway, Donna: Simians, Cyborgs, and Women
  New York, Routledge, 1991.

• Hastings, Dan: The Model Economy.
  Imaginary Realities Vol. 2 (9), September 1999
  http://home.clara.net/stormbringer/mudos/economy.html.
  Note: link checked 15 July 2003 - failed
  The original article is archived at:
  http://web.archive.org/web/20010223022347/imaginaryrealities.imaginary.com/volume2/issue9/economy_print.html
  and mirrored here at:
  themodeleconomy.html.

• Hastings, Dan: Designing God.
  Imaginary Realities Vol. 3 (1), January 2000
  http://home.clara.net/stormbringer/mudos/designing_god.html
  Note: link checked 15 July 2003 - failed
  The original article is archived at:
  http://web.archive.org/web/20001028150008/http://imaginaryrealities.imaginary.com/volume3/issue1/designing_god_print.html.
  and mirrored here at:
  designinggod.html (local copy).

• Hayes, Patrick J.: The Naive Physics Manifesto.
  Michie, Donald (editor), Expert Systems in the Micro-Electronic Age.
  Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1978.

• Haynes, Cynthia and Holmevik, Jan Rune (editors): High Wired: On the Design, Use and Theory of Educational MOOs.
  Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1998.

• Hedron: The Six Circles of the Adept Game Player.
  10 January 1998
  http://www.falseprophecies.com/sixcircles.htm.

• Hendrick, Arnold and Petersen, Sandy: Darklands.
  Hunt Valley MA, Microprose Software, 1992
  http://www.gamingdepot.com/g/Darklands.
  Note: Darklands is apparently abandonware, and can be downloaded as such from this irritating-advertisement-intensive site.
  Warning: I haven't done this myself, so can't say whether it's virus-infected or not.

• Herz, J. C.: Surfing on the Internet.
  New York, Little, Brown, 1995.

• Hopson, John: Basic Principles of Reinforcement for Muds.
  MUD-DEV, July 2000
  http://www.kanga.nu/archives/MUD-Dev-L/2000Q3/msg00364.php.

• Hopson, John: Matching and Maximizing: How Players Choose Between Activities.
  MUD-DEV, August 2000
  http://www.kanga.nu/archives/MUD-Dev-L/2000Q3/msg00725.php.

• Hopson, John: Conditioned Reinforcers: Getting Players to Do Things for Free.
  MUD-DEV, September 2000
  http://www.kanga.nu/archives/MUD-Dev-L/2000Q3/msg01101.php.

• Hopson, John: Behavioral Game Design.
  Gamasutra, April 2001
  http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20010427/hopson_01.htm.

• Howard, Robert E.: The Phoenix on the Sword.
  Chicago, Weird Tales, Popular Fiction Publishing Co., December 1932.

• Ito, Mizuko: Virtually Embodied: The Reality of Fantasy in a Multi-User Dungeon.
  Porter, David (editor): Internet Culture
  New York, Routledge, 1997.

• Jackson, Steve: GURPS: Generic Universal RolePlaying System.
  Austin TX, Steve Jackson Games, 1986.

• Jackson, Steve: Realism versus Playability in Simulation Game Design.
  Barcelona, Proceedings of the Joks i Tecnojocs Conference, June 1991
  http://protovision.textfiles.com/rpg/realplay.txt.

• Jordan, Robert: The Eye of the World.
  New York, Tor Books, 1990.

• Jordan, Tim: Cyberpower: The Culture and Politics of Cyberspace and the Internet.
  New York, Routledge, 1999.

• Juul, Jesper: A Clash between Game and Narrative: A Thesis on Computer Games and Interactive Fiction.
  Institute of Nordic Language and Literature, University of Copenhagen, 1999
  http://www.jesperjuul.dk/thesis/AClashBetweenGameAndNarrative.pdf.

• Kane, Darien: Sins of the Empire.
  Stratics, 2002
  http://www.stratics.com/content/editorials/articles/sins.php.
  Note: link checked 15 July 2003 - failed

• Kearns, Michael and Isbell, Charles Lee Jr.: Cobot.
  http://cobot.research.att.com/.

• Keegan, Martin: The MUD Tree.
  1996
  http://camelot.cyburbia.net.au/~martin/cgi-bin/mud_tree.cgi.
  Note: link checked 13 July 2003 - failed
  The original is mirrored at:
  http://www.kanga.nu/cgi-bin/mud_tree.cgi
  There's also a full-blown paper on the subject:
  Keegan, Martin: A Classification of MUDs.
  Journal of MUD Research Vol. 2 (2), July 1997.
  http://www.brandeis.edu/pubs/jove/HTML/v2/keegan.html.
  For a later (but still not up-to-date) tree by a different author, see:
  Sunangel, Hierarchy of MUDs.
  http://lorry.org/arch-wizard/mudbase.txt.

• Kelly, Kevin: Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines.
  New York, Addison Wesley, 1994
  http://www.kk.org/outofcontrol/.

• Kendall, Lori: MUDder? I Hardly Know 'Er! Adventures of a Feminist MUDder.
  Cherny, Lynn and Reba Weise, Elizabeth (editors), Wired_Women
  Seattle, Seal Press, 1996
  http://www.rochester.edu/College/FS/Publications/KendallMUD.html.

• Kennerly, David: Dark Ages Politics in Theory and Practice.
  Imaginary Realities Vol. 3 (9), September 2000
  http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~kennerly/game_design/Dark_Ages_Politics.html.

• Kennerly, David: Better Game Design through Data Mining.
  San Jose, Proceedings of the MUD-DEV Conference, 2003
  http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~kennerly/game_design/Data_Mining_files/frame.htm.
  There's a fuller version at:
  http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20030815/kennerly_01.shtml.

• Kim, Amy Jo: 64. Amy Jo Kim, Ritual Reality: Social Design for Online Gaming Environments.
  Santa Clara, Proceedings of the Computer Game Developers Conference, 1997.

• Kim, Amy Jo: Community Building on the Web.
  Berkeley, Peachpit Press, 2000.

• Kim, John H.: The rec.games.frp.advocacy FAQ.
  1996-present
  http://www.darkshire.org/~jhkim/rpg/styles/faq_v1/faq1.art
  http://www.darkshire.org/~jhkim/rpg/styles/faq_v1/faq2.art
  http://www.darkshire.org/~jhkim/rpg/styles/faq_v1/faq3.art.

• Kitchin, Rob: Cyberspace.
  Chichester England, John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

• Kolko, Beth E.: Erasing @race: Going White in the (Inter)Face.
  Kolko, Beth E., Nakamura, Lisa and Rodman, Gilbert B. (editors): Race in Cyberspace
  New York, Routledge, 2000.

• Koster, Raph: A Story About a Tree.
  5 May 1998
  http://www.legendmud.org/raph/gaming/essay1.html.

• Koster, Raph (editor): The Online World Timeline.
  4 Mar 2000-present
  http://www.legendmud.org/raph/gaming/mudtimeline.html.

• Koster, Raph and Vogel, Rich: Online World Design Patterns.
  San Jose, Proceedings of the Game Developers Conference, 2001
  http://www.legendmud.org/raph/gaming/despat_files/frame.htm.
  See also: http://www.legendmud.org/raph/gaming/book/6.html

• Koster, Raph and Vogel, Rich: Storytelling in the Online Medium.
  San Jose, Proceedings of the Game Developers Conference, 2002
  http://www.legendmud.org/raph/gaming/gdc_2002_Storytelling_files/frame.htm.

• Koster, Raph: Overall MUD Architecture.
  http://www.legendmud.org/raph/gaming/book/6b.html.

• Koster, Raph: Declaration of the Rights of Avatars.
  27 August 2000
  http://www.legendmud.org/raph/gaming/playerrights.html.

• Koster, Raph: Small Worlds: Competitive and Cooperative Structures in Online Worlds.
  San Jose, Proceedings of the Computer Game Developers' Conference, 2003
  http://www.legendmud.org/raph/gaming/smallworlds_files/frame.htm.

• Koster, Raph: The Case for Art.
  Skotos, Biting the Hand, 11 September 2001
  http://www.skotos.net/articles/BTH_09.shtml.

• Klug, Chris: Implementing Stories in Massively Multiplayer Games.
  Gamasutra, September 2002
  http://www.gamasutra.com/resource_guide/20020916/klug_01.htm.

• Kücklich, Julian: In Search of the Lost Text: Literary Theory and Computer Games.
  Game Culture, March 2001
  http://www.game-culture.com/articles/insearch.html.

• LaFarge, Antoinette: A World Exhilarating and Wrong: Theatrical Improvisation on the Internet.
  Leonardo Vol. 28 (5), 1995
  http://yin.arts.uci.edu/~players/leo/leo95.html.

• Langham, Don: The Common Place MOO: Orality and Literacy in Virtual Reality.
  CMC Magazine Vol. 1 (3), July 1994
  http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1994/jul/moo.html.

• Lasseter, John and Stanton, Andrew (writers and directors) and Ranft, Joe (writer): A Bug's Life.
  USA, Walt Disney Pictures, 1998.

• Laurel, Brenda: Computers as Theatre.
  Menlo Park CA, Addison-Wesley, 1991.

• Lawrence, J. C. (moderator): MUD-DEV.
  http://www.kanga.nu/archives/MUD-Dev-L/.

• Lawrie, Michael: Confessions of an Arch-Wizard.
  1991
  http://lorry.org/arch-wizard/confessions.html.

• Lawrie, Michael: A Footnote to Confessions.
  2003
  http://lorry.org/arch-wizard/footnote.html.

• Lee, Stan (writer) and Kirby, Jack (artist): X-Men.
  New York, X-Men, Marvel Comics, September 1963.

• Leonard, Andrew: Bots: The Origin of New Species.
  San Francisco, HardWired, 1997.

• Leong, Lydia: Amberyl's Wizard Ethics.
  23 October 1994
  http://www.godlike.com/mushman/wiz-ethics.html.

• Lewis, C. S.: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
  London, Geoffrey Bles, 1950.

• Lewis, C. S.: The Silver Chair.
  London, Geoffrey Bles, 1953.

• Lisberger, Steven (writer and director) and Macbird, Bonnie (writer): Tron.
  USA, Walt Disney Pictures, 1982.

• Lombard, Matthew and Ditton, Theresa: At the Heart of It All: The Concept of Presence.
  University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication Vol. 3 (2), September 1997
  http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/lombard.html.

• Lucas, George (writer and director): Star Wars.
  USA, 20th Century Fox, 1977.

• Ludlow, Peter (editor): High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace.
  Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 1996.

• Lynch, Kevin: The Image of the City.
  Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 1960.

• MacKinnon, Richard C.: The Social Construction of Rape in Virtual Reality.
  Sudweeks, Fay, McLaughlin, Margaret and Rafaeli, Sheizaf (editors): Network & Netplay: Virtual Groups on the Internet
  Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 1998
  http://jcmc.huji.ac.il/vol2/issue4/mackinnon.html.

• Maier, Matthew: Can a Metaverse have Inflation?.
  Business 2.0, March 2003
  http://www.business2.com/articles/mag/print/0,1643,47159,00.html.

• Martensen, Lars (lead designer): Europa 1400: The Guild.
  Rottenmann Austria, 4HEAD Studios, 2002.

• Masterson, John T. III: Ethnography of a Virtual Society, or How a Gangling, Wiry Half-Elf Found a Way to Fit In.
  University of Montana, 1994
  ftp://ftp.game.org/pub/mud/text/research/ethno.txt.

• Masterson, John T. III: Nonverbal Communication in Text Based Virtual Realities.
  University of Montana, 1996
  http://www.johnmasterson.com/thesis/.

• Mauldin, Michael L.: Chatterbots, Tinymuds, And The Turing Test: Entering The Loebner Prize Competition.
  Menlo Park CA, Proceedings of the Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence 12, 1994
  http://www.lazytd.com/lti/pub/aaai94.html.

• Mazur, Tomasz: Working Out the Cyberbody: Sex and Gender Constructions in Text-Based Virtual Space.
  Department of English, University of Florida, 1994
  http://www.well.com/user/tmazur/research/sexgen.html.
  Note: link checked 15 July 2003 - failed
  The original is mirrored at:
  http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/social/papers/mazur.txt

• McAdams, Mindy J.: Gender Without Bodies.
  CMC Magazine, March 1996
  http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1996/mar/mcadams.html.

• McDaniel, Henry III: Encyclopædia of MUDs Dictionary.
  1993
  http://www.iowa-mug.net/muddic/dic/academic.html.

• McKenna, Katelyn and Lee, Sangchul: A Love Affair with MUDs: Flow and Social Interaction in Multi-User Dungeons.
  1995
  http://www.uni-koeln.de/~am040/muds/ipages/mud.htm.

• McQuaid, Brad, Clover, Steve and Uzun, Roger: Sworn Statement.
  March 17 2000
  http://www.dikumud.com/Everquest/Sworn.aspx.

• McRae, Shannon: Flesh Made Word: Sex, Text and the Virtual Body.
  Porter, David (editor), Internet Culture
  New York, Routledge, 1997
  http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/social/papers/mcrae.html.

• Mecchi, Irene, Roberts, Johnathan and Woolverton, Linda (writers) and Allers, Roger and Minkoff, Rob (directors): The Lion King.
  USA, Walt Disney Pictures, 1994.

• Meretzky, Steve: Planetfall.
  Cambridge MA, Infocom, 1983.
  http://www.the-underdogs.org/game.php?id=3488.
  Note: Planetfall is apparently abandonware, and can be downloaded as such from this irritating-advertisement-intensive site.
  Warning: I haven't done this myself, so can't say whether it's virus-infected or not.

• Mihaly, Matthew: Constructive Politics in a Massively Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Game.
  Gamasutra, March 2000
  http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20000309/mihaly_01.htm.

• Miller, George (writer and director) and McCausland, James (writer): Mad Max.
  Australia, American International Pictures, 1979.

• Ming, Sie: I Want to Bake Bread.
  Stratics, December 2000
  http://www.stratics.com/content/editorials/articles/bread.php.

• Ming, Sie: I Want to Forge Swords.
  Stratics, May 2001
  http://www.stratics.com/content/editorials/articles/swords.php.

• Mitchell, William J.: City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn.
  Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 1995.

• Mnookin, Jennifer L.: Virtual(ly) Law: The Emergence of Law in LambdaMOO.
  Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication Vol. 2 (1), 1996
  http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue1/lambda.html.

• Monaco, James: How to Read a Film: Movies, Media, Multimedia (3^rd edition).
  New York, Oxford University Press, 2000.

• Moore, Dinty W.: The Emperor's Virtual Clothes: The Naked Truth about Internet Culture.
  Chapel Hill NC, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1995.

• Morningstar, Chip: How to Deconstruct Almost Anything: My Postmodern Adventure.
  5 July 1993
  http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/communications/papers/habitat/deconstr.rtf.

• Moron: Political Pixel Power.
  February/March/July 2002
  http://www.joystick101.org/story/2002/2/12/14207/1757
  http://www.joystick101.org/story/2002/2/13/124943/302
  http://www.joystick101.org/story/2002/7/11/142124/517.

• Mortensen, Torill: Playing with Players: Potential Methodologies for MUDs.
  Game Studies Vol. 2 (1), July 2002
  http://www.gamestudies.org/0102/mortensen/.

• Mulcahy, Jennifer K.: Romance - Online: A Study of the Internet's Effect on Romance in America.
  1996
  http://www.intercom.publinet.it/ic11/romance.htm.
  Note: this is in Italian.
  The original English article is archived at:
  http://web.archive.org/web/20020603123925/http://bcn.net/~skie/romance.html
  and mirrored at:
  http://beyond3sigma.loki.ws/flea/romance.html.

• Muller, Charles (translator): The Analects of Confucius.
  1990
  http://www.hm.tyg.jp/~acmuller/contao/analects.htm.

• Mulligan, Jessica: Happy 30th Birthday, Online Games.
  Skotos, Biting the Hand, 21 Oct 1999
  http://www.skotos.net/articles/BTHarchives/99.shtml.

• Mulligan, Jessica: Just Give me a Game Please.
  Skotos, Biting the Hand, 14 August 2001
  http://www.skotos.net/articles/BTH_07.html.

• Mulligan, Jessica: Show Me the Path.
  Skotos, Biting the Hand, 19 November 2002
  http://www.skotos.net/articles/BTH_38.shtml.

• Murray, Janet H.: Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace.
  New York, Free Press, 1997.

• NagaSiva, Thyagi: The MUD as a Basis for Western Mysticism.
  1992
  http://www.luckymojo.com/avidyana/gnostik/mudpsyc.html.

• Nakamura, Lisa: Race In/For Cyberspace: Identity Tourism and Racial Passing on the Internet.
  Bell, David and Kennedy, Barbara M. (editors): The Cybercultures Reader.
  New York, Routledge, 2000
  http://www.humanities.uci.edu/mposter/syllabi/readings/nakamura.html.

• National Institute on Media and the Family: Sixth Annual Video and Computer Game Report Card.
  13 December 2001
  http://www.mediafamily.org/research/report_vgrc_2001-2.shtml.

• Nexus, Jonny: Men in Dresses.
  Critical Miss 2, 1999
  http://www.criticalmiss.com/issue2/mid1.html.

• Niccol, Andrew (writer) and Weir, Peter (director): The Truman Show.
  USA, Paramount Pictures, 1998.

• Niven, Larry: Flash Crowd.
  Niven, Larry: The Flight of the Horse.
  New York, Ballantine, 1973.

• Niven, Larry and Barnes, Steven: Dream Park.
  New York, Ace Books, 1981.

• Newitz, Annalee: Surplus Identity On-Line.
  Bad Subject 18, January 1995
  http://eserver.org/bs/18/newitz.html.

• Nunes, Mark: Baudrillard in Cyberspace: Internet, Virtuality and Postmodernity.
  Style Vol. 29, 1995
  http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~mnunes/jbnet.html.

• Ohlen, James and Martens, Kevin (lead designers): Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn.
  Irvine CA, Black Isle Studios, 2000.

• Ojanperä, Tommi Antero: The Forgotten Realms FAQ.
  1999-present
  http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~tojan/fore/forefaq.htm.

• O'Leary, Stephen D.: Cyberspace as Sacred Space: Communicating Religion on Computer Networks.
  Journal of the American Academy of Religion Vol. 64 (4), 1996.

• Pargman, Daniel: Code Begets Community: On Social and Technical Aspects of Managing a Virtual Community.
  Department of Communication Studies, Linköping University, 2000
  http://esplanaden.lysator.liu.se/svmud/pargman/.

• Patrovsky, Bridgette and Mulligan, Jessica: Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide.
  Indianapolis, New Riders Publishing, 2003.

• Peter D. Hart Research Associates and NPD Group: Ten Facts About The Computer and Video Game Industry.
  2001
  http://www.idsa.com/IDSATopTen2002.pdf.

• Plutarch: Parallel Lives of Famous Greeks and Romans.
  75
  http://www.archive.org/texts/texts-download.php?id=56503&url=http://texts02.archive.org%2F2%2Ftexts%2Fplivs10%2Fplivs10.zip.
  Note: The "the mind is not a vessel to be filled but a fire to be kindled" quote is supposed to be in here somewhere, but I for one can't find it...

• Pratchett, Terry: The Colour of Magic.
  London, Colin Smythe, 1983.

• Preece, Jenny: Online Communities: Designing Usability, Supporting Sociability.
  New York, Wiley, 2000.

• Rathedan, Py: see under Breau, Gil.

• Raybourn, Elaine M.: The Quest for Power, Popularity, and Privilege in Cyberspace: Identity Construction in a Text-Based Multi-User Virtual Reality.
  Denver, Denver, Proceedings of the Western Speech Communication Association Conference, 1998
  http://www.cs.unm.edu/~raybourn/moo5d~1.htm.

• Raymond, Eric (editor): The New Hacker's Dictionary.
  Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 1991
  Also known as the Jargon File.
  http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/.

• Reid, Elizabeth: Cultural Formations in Text-Based Virtual Realities.
  Department of English, University of Melbourne, 1994
  ftp://ftp.ee.mu.oz.au/papers/emr/cult-form.ps.
  Note: link checked 16 July 2003 - failed
  The paper is cached at:
  http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/cache/papers/cs/278/ftp:zSzzSzftp.ccs.neu.eduzSzpubzSzmudzSzdocszSzpaperszSzCulturalFormations.pdf/reid94cultural.pdf
  and mirrored at http://www.ludd.luth.se/mud/aber/articles/cult-form.thesis.html

• Reid, Elizabeth: Virtual Worlds: Culture and Imagination.
  Jones, Stephen G. (editor): Cybersociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community
  Thousand Oaks CA, SAGE Publications Inc., 1995.

• Reid, Elizabeth: Informed Consent in the Study of Online Communities: A Reflection on the Effects of Computer-Mediated Social Research.
  New York, The Information Society Vol. 12 (2), Taylor & Francis, 1996
  http://venus.soci.niu.edu/~jthomas/ethics/tis/go.libby.

• Rein Hagen, Mark: Vampire: the Masquerade.
  Stone Mountain GA, White Wolf Game Studio, 1991.

• Rheingold, Howard: Virtual Reality.
  London, Secker & Warburg, 1991.

• Rheingold, Howard: The Virtual Community.
  London, Secker & Warburg, 1994.

• Riner, Reed D. and Clodius, Jennifer A.: Simulating Future Histories: The NAU Solar System Simulation & Mars Settlement.
  Anthropology & Education Quarterly Vol. 26(I) 95-104, Spring 1995
  http://dragonmud.com/people/jen/solsys.html.

• Roberts, Lynne D. and Parks, Malcolm R.: The Social Geography of Gender-Switching in Virtual Environments on the Internet.
  Green, Eileen and Adam, Alison (editors): Virtual Gender: Terminology, Consumption and Identity
  New York, Routledge, 2001.

• Roddenberry, Gene: Star Trek: The Next Generation.
  USA, Paramount, 1987.

• Rollings, Andrew and Morris, Dave: Game Architecture and Design.
  Scottsdale AZ, Coriolis, 2000.

• Rosenberg, Michael S.: Virtual Reality: Reflections of Life, Dreams, and Technology. An Ethnography of a Computer Society.
  16 March 1992
  http://www.eff.org/Net_culture/MOO_MUD_IRC/rosenberg_vr_reflections.paper.

• Rowling, J. K.: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.
  London, Bloomsbury, 1997.

• Rubin, Danny (writer) and Ramis, Harold (writer and director): Groundhog Day.
  USA, Columbia Pictures, 1993.

• Ryan, John: A Uses and Gratifications Study on the Internet Social Interaction Site LambdaMOO: Talking with "Dinos.".
  Ball State University, 1995
  http://www.zacha.net/articles/ryan.html.

• Sandbothe, Mike: Digital Entanglements: A Media-Philosophical analysis of Images, Language and Writing on the Internet.
  1998
  http://www.sandbothe.net/265.0.html.

• Sanderson, Derek: Online Justice Systems.
  Gamasutra, March 2000
  http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20000321/sanderson_pfv.htm.

• Sax, Bronwyn: Female Characters.
  Game Commandos, 15 February 1999
  femalecharacters.html (local copy).

• Sax, Bronwyn: What is Remort?.
  Game Commandos, 1999
  whatisremort.html (local copy).

• Schroeder, Ralph, Heather, Noel and Lee, Raymond M.: The Sacred and the Virtual: Religion in Multi-User Virtual Reality.
  Journal of Computer Mediated Communication Vol. 4 (2), December 1998
  http://jcmc.huji.ac.il/vol4/issue2/schroeder.html.

• Schwanz, Paul E. II: Morality in Massively Multi-Player Online Role-Playing Games.
  April 2000
  moralityinmmorpgs.html (local copy).

• Schwartz, Alan: Mud Research and Methods.
  1996
  http://www.legendmud.org/Community/lectures/mudres.html.

• Sempsey, James III: The Therapeutic Potentials of Text-Based Virtual Reality.
  Journal of MUD Research Vol. 3 (2), 1998
  http://www.brandeis.edu/pubs/jove/HTML/v3/sempsey.html.

• Serpentelli, Jill: Conversational Structure and Personality Correlates of Electronic Communication.
  Haverford College, 1992
  http://www.zacha.net/articles/serpentelli.html.

• Shah, Rawn and Romine, James: Playing MUDs on the Internet.
  New York, John Wiley, 1995

• Shortt, Diane: Hack & Slay to Respectability: Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) Jargon & the Spillage into Mainstream Communication.
  http://www.mala.bc.ca/~soules/CMC290/hackslay.htm.

• Shusett, Ronald & O'Bannon, Dan and Goldman, Gary (writers) and Verhoeven, Paul (director): Total Recall.
  USA, TriStar, 1990.

• Siembieda, Kevin: Rifts.
  Taylor MI, Palladium Books, 1990.

• Simpson, John (editor): Oxford English Dictionary.
  Oxford, Oxford University Press, (updated quarterly)
  http://www.oed.com/.

• Sinclair, Ian R.: Collins Dictionary of Personal Computing.
  Glasgow, HarperCollins, 1991.

• Sinha, Indra: The Cybergypsies: A Frank Account of Love, Life and Travels on the Electronic Frontier.
  London, Scribner, 1999.

• Smith, Adam: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.
  London, W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1776
  http://www.adamsmith.org/smith/won-intro.htm.

• Smith, Jennifer and Cowan, Andrew: The rec.games.mud FAQ.
  1996-present
  http://www.mudconnect.com/mudfaq/mudfaq-p1.html
  http://www.mudconnect.com/mudfaq/mudfaq-p2.html
  http://www.mudconnect.com/mudfaq/mudfaq-p3.html
  http://www.mudconnect.com/mudfaq/mudfaq-p4.html.

• Snider, Derek B. (editor-in-chief): The MUD Companion.
  http://www.mudcompanion.com/.

• Spaight, Tracy: Who Killed Miss Norway?.
  Salon, 14 April 2003
  http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2003/04/14/who_killed_miss_norway/index.html.

• Spivak, Michael: The Joy of TeX.
  Providence RI, The American Mathematical Society, 1990.

• Shotton, Margaret: Computer Addiction? A Study of Computer Dependency.
  London, Taylor & Francis, 1989.

• Slouka, Mark: War of the Worlds: The Assault on Reality.
  New York, Basic Books, 1995.

• Smith, John (translator): The Mahabharata.
  http://bombay.oriental.cam.ac.uk/john/mahabharata/statement.html.

• Smith, Jonas Heide: The Architectures of Trust: Supporting Cooperation in the Computer-Supported Community.
  Department of Film and Media Studies, University of Copenhagen, 2002
  http://autofire.dk/jonas/the_architectures_of_trust.pdf.

• Spender, Dale: Nattering on the Net: Women, Power, and Cyberspace.
  Melbourne, Spinifex, 1995.

• SpotMedia Communications: Multi-Player Online Gaming Survey Results.
  San Francisco, GameSpot, September 1996
  http://www.gamespot.com/features/olsurvey/index.htm.

• Squire, Kurt D.: Star Wars Galaxies: A Case Study in Participatory Design.
  Joystick101.org, July 2001
  http://www.joystick101.org/story/2001/7/14/18208/3248.

• Stivale, Charles J.: "Help Manners":Cyber-Democracy and its Vicissitudes.
  Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Wayne State University, 1995
  http://www.utdallas.edu/~cynthiah/lingua_archive/help_manners.html.

• Stivale, Charles J.: Spam: Heteroglossia and Harassment in Cyberspace.
  Porter, David (editor): Internet Culture
  New York, Routledge, 1997.

• Suler, John: The Psychology of Cyberspace.
  1996-present
  http://www.rider.edu/users/suler/psycyber/psycyber.html.

• Suler, John: The Bad Boys of Cyberspace: Deviant Behavior in Online Multimedia Communities and Strategies for Managing It.
  http://www.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber/badboys.html.

• Takeuchi, Naoko: Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon.
  Tokyo, Nakayoshi, Kodansha, February 1992.

• The Strategy Group: Next-Generation Game Consoles Widely Anticipated By Public, Finds Gaming Survey.
  2000
  http://www.techmall.com/techdocs/TS000822-1.html.

• Tarau, Paul, De Bosschere, Koen, Dahl, Veronica and Rochefort, Stephen: LogiMOO: An Extensible Multi-User Virtual World with Natural Language Control.
  Journal of Logic Programming Vol. 38, 1999.

• Tenarius: Welcome to the Player Wimping Guidebook! Or How to Dry Up your MUD in No Time.
  2000
  http://www.memorableplaces.com/mudwimping.html.

• Tolkien, J. R. R.: The Fellowship of the Ring.
  London, George Allen & Unwin, 1954.

• Tolkien, J. R. R.: The Hobbit: or There and Back Again.
  London, George Allen & Unwin, 1937.

• Towell, John and Towell, Elizabeth: Presence in Text-Based Networked Virtual Environments or "MUDs".
  Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments Vol. 6 (5).
  Cambridge MA, MIT Press, October 1997
  http://www.fragment.nl/mirror/various/Towell_et_al.1997.Presence_in_MUDs.htm.

• Tromp, Jolanda G.: Results of Two Surveys About Spatial Perception and Navigation of a Text-Based Spatial Interface.
  University of Amsterdam, 1993
  http://www.cms.dmu.ac.uk/~cph/VR/JolaPaper/jola.html.
  Note: link checked 17 July 2003 - failed
  The original is mirrored at:
  http://tecfa.unige.ch/pub/documentation/VE/WWW5/ori/jola.ps

• Truthseeker, Arios: An Essay on D00dism and the MMORPG.
  2000
  http://www.kanga.nu/archives/MUD-Dev-L/2000Q4/msg00166.php.

• Turkle, Sherry: Life on the Screen.
  New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995.

• Utz, Sonja: Social Information Processing in MUDs: The Development of Friendships in Virtual Worlds.
  Journal of Online Behavior Vol. 1 (1), 2000
  http://www.behavior.net/JOB/v1n1/utz.html.

• Vance, Jack: The Dying Earth.
  New York, Hillman Periodicals, 1950.

• Vaughan, Lexley: Player Killers Exposed.
  Imaginary Realities Vol. 2 (10), October 1999
  http://www.paxlair.com/library_files/1_in_progress/player_killers_exposed/player_killers_exposed.htm.

• Vaughan, Lexley: Playing Religiously.
  Muddled Times, February 2003
  http://www.muddled-times.com/article.fod?IssueId=19&ArticleId=1382.

• Vinge, Vernor: True Names.
  Frenkel, James R. (editor): Binary Start #5.
  New York, Dell, 1981
  http://members.tripod.com/erythrina/index.html.

• Voisin, Jocelyne: Women's Virtual Communities: Utopia or Dystopia?.
  Department of Mass Communications, Carleton University, 10 March 1995
  womensvirtualcommunities.html (local copy).

• Wachowski, Andy and Wachowski, Larry (writers and directors): The Matrix.
  USA, Warner Brothers, 1999.

• Wallace, Patricia: The Psychology of the Internet.
  Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.

• Wallace, Randall (writer) and Bay, Michael (director): Pearl Harbor.
  USA, Touchstone Pictures, 2001.

• Walsh, Tony: Big Mac Attacked.
  Shift, November 2002
  http://www.shift.com/print/web/425/1.html.

• Ward, Arian: What is a Community?.
  http://www.workfrontiers.com/what_is_community.htm.

• Warshauer, Susan: Aesthetic Approaches to the Design and Study of MUDs (Multi-User Domains) in English and Performance Studies: Interface, Realism and the Dialectic of Interacting.
  Computer Writing, Rhetoric and Literature Vol. 1 (1), Spring 1994
  http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/cwrl/v1n1/article3/mudmain.html.

• Weizenbaum, Joseph: Eliza - A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication between Man and Machine.
  New York, Communications of the ACM Vol. 9 (1), January 1966
  http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/572/S02/weizenbaum.eliza.1966.pdf.

• Wertheim, Margaret: The Pearly Gates of Cyberspace: A History of Space from Dante to the Internet.
  London, Virago, 1999.

• West, E. W. (translator): Shayest Na-Shayest.
  http://www.avesta.org/pahlavi/shayest.html.

• Whedon, Joss: Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
  USA, WB network, 1997.

• White, Michèle: Visual Pleasure in Textual Places: Gazing in Multi-User Object-Oriented Worlds.
  Green, Eileen and Adam, Alison (editors): Virtual Gender: Terminology, Consumption and Identity
  New York, Routledge, 2001.

• Whitlock, Troy: Fuck Art, Let's Kill: Towards a Post Modern Community.
  29 March 1994
  http://www.evolutionzone.com/kulturezone/futurec/articles/Moo.Terrorism.

• Wilde, Oscar: The Picture of Dorian Gray.
  London, Lippincott's Monthly Magazine, 1890
  http://www.upword.com/wilde/dorgray.html.

• Williams, Charles W. S.: The Crowning of Arthur. Taliessin through Logres.
  London, Oxford University Press, 1938.

• Williams, John: The Gender-Neutral Pronoun FAQ.
  1997?-present
  http://www.aetherlumina.com/gnp/.

• Williams, Tad: City of Golden Shadow.
  New York, DAW Books, 1998.

• Wilson, Roy Jr.: Politicia Dominica: The Complete Political Lore.
  1999
  http://www.darkages.com/2002/community/lore/Paladine_Politica/toc.html.

• Wong, Geoff: A Working Mud Economy.
  Imaginary Realities Vol. 3 (5), May 2000
  Archived at: http://web.archive.org/web/20010228071133/imaginaryrealities.imaginary.com/volume3/issue5/economy_print.html
  and mirrored here at:
  workingmudeconomy.html.

• Woodcock, Bruce: An Analysis of MMOG Subscription Growth.
  August 2002-present
  http://pw1.netcom.com/~sirbruce/Subscriptions.html.

• Woodland, Randal: Queer Spaces, Modem Boys, and Pagan Statues: Gay/Lesbian Identity and the Construction of Cyberspace.
  Bell, David and Kennedy, Barbara M. (editors): The Cybercultures Reader.
  New York, Routledge, 2000.

• Woolley, David R.: PLATO: The Emergence of Online Community.
  1994
  http://www.thinkofit.com/plato/dwplato.htm.

• Wright, Kathryn: Gender Bending in Games.
  womengamers.com, 2000
  http://www.womengamers.com/articles/gender.html
  http://www.womengamers.com/articles/gender2.htm.

• Wujcik, Erick: Amber Diceless Role-Playing.
  Detroit, Phage Press, 1992.

• Wylie, Catherine: MUDs, Memories and Morals: A Revisioning of Primary Orality and Late Literacy.
  Denver University, 1999
  Archived at:
  http://web.archive.org/web/20001031221802/http://www.du.edu/~lortiz/theater.htm
  and mirrored here at:
  mudsmemoriesmodels.html.

• Yee, Nick: The Norrathian Scrolls.
  2001
  http://www.nickyee.com/eqt/report.html.

• Yee, Nick: Facets: 5 Motivational Factors for Why People Play MMORPG's.
  2002
  http://www.nickyee.com/facets/home.html.

• Yee, Nick: Codename Blue: An Ongoing Study of MMORPG Players.
  2002
  http://www.nickyee.com/codeblue/home.html.

• Yee, Nick: Will You Switch to a New Game?.
  Daedalus Project, 10 January 2003
  http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/000195.php.

• Young, Kimberley S.: Caught in the Net: How to Recognize the Signs of Internet Addiction - and a Winning Strategy for Recovery..
  New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

• Young, Jeffery R.: Textuality in Cyberspace: MUDs and Written Experience.
  1994
  ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/academic/communications/papers/muds/Textuality-in-Cyberspace.
  Note: link checked 18 July 2003 - failed
  The original is mirrored at:
  http://lydia.bradley.edu/las/soc/syl/391/papers/text_cyb.html

• (Unknown author): A Study of the MUDs as a Society.
  University of Twente, 1998
  mudsasasociety.html (local copy).

• (Unknown author): Cartoon Laws of Physics.
  http://funnies.paco.to/cartoon.html
  http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A645095.

• (Unknown author): Churchgoers win damages for not meeting Jesus.
  Ananova, 30 January 2002
  http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_508436.html.

• (Unknown author): Living on the edge - saving lives by preventing suicide.
  Department of Health, September 2002
  http://www.doh.gov.uk/newsdesk/inside/sept2002/.

• (Various unknown authors): The Complete Guide to Alcohol for Fantasy Role-Playing Games.
  1996
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/~johol/netbooks/AlcoholGuide/Alcohol.txt.
  Note: there's a 1994 .pdf version written by one Desmond at:
  http://odin.prohosting.com/cstrove/trovedocs/resource/Book_of_Booze.pdf.

• (Various unknown authors): The Complete Guide to Unlawful Carnal Knowledge for Fantasy Role-Playing Games.
  1996
  http://www.kanga.nu/mirrors/www.lysator.liu.se/%257Ejohol/netbooks/CarnalGuide/carnal.txt.

• (Various unknown authors): UO and eBay Figures.
  April 2001
  http://www.kanga.nu/archives/MUD-Dev-L/2001Q2/msg00242.php.

Virtual Worlds

Some of the above references are to specific virtual worlds or similar, which I have filed under the names of their lead designers (when I could unearth that information). For those of you more interested in the worlds than the designers, here is a straight list of all the virtual worlds I mention that still exist:

• AberMUD
  ftp://ftp.kanga.nu/pub/MUD/Servers/AberMUD/ (codebase).

• Achaea
  http://www.achaea.com/.

• Anarchy Online
  http://www.anarchyonline.com/.

• Ancient Anguish
  http://ancient.anguish.org.

• Asheron's Call
  http://www.microsoft.com/games/ac/.

• Asheron's Call 2
  http://www.microsoft.com/games/ac2/.

• A Tale in the Desert
  http://www.atitd.com/.

• Atriarch
  http://www.atriarch.com.

• Avalon
  http://www.avalon-rpg.com/.

• BatMUD
  http://www.bat.org/.

• Castle Marrach
  http://www.skotos.net/games/marrach/.

• ColdMUD
  http://web.cold.org/ (codebase).

• CoolMUD
  http://www.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/u/sfwhite/coolftp/. (codebase)

• Dark Age of Camelot
  http://www.darkageofcamelot.com/.

• Dark Ages
  http://www.darkages.com.

• Dawn
  http://www.glitchless.com/dawn.html.

• DikuMUD
  http://www.dikumud.com/.

• Diversity University
  http://www.du.org/.

• DragonMUD
  http://www.dragonmud.org/.

• Dragon's Gate
  http://www.dragons-gate.com/.

• EverQuest
  http://everquest.station.sony.com/.

• EverQuest 2
  http://everquest2.station.sony.com/.

• EverQuest Online Adventures
  http://everquestonlineadventures.station.sony.com/.

• EVE: The Second Genesis
  http://www.eve-online.com/.

• Federation II
  http://www.ibgames.net/.

• Final Fantasy XI
  http://www.playonline.com/ff11us/index.shtml.

• Furcadia
  http://www.furcadia.com.

• FurryMUCK
  http://www.furry.com.

• GarouMUSH
  http://www.garoumush.org/.

• Gemstone III
  http://www.play.net/gs3.

• HavenMUSH
  http://www.geocities.com/HavenMUSH/.

• Horizons
  http://www.istaria.com/.

• Igor MUD
  http://www.igormud.org:1703/.

• IOWA
  http://www.iowa-mug.net/.

• Isle of Lesbos
  telnet://muds.crodo.com:6667.

• Kingdom of Drakkar
  http://www.kingdomofdrakkar.com/.

• LambdaMOO
  http://www.moo.mud.org/.

• LegendMUD
  http://www.legendmud.org/.

• Lejendary Adventure
  http://di.gamepoint.net/lejendary/en/.

• Lineage
  http://www.lineage-us.com/.

• LinguaMOO
  http://lingua.utdallas.edu/.

• LogiMOO
  http://clement.info.umoncton.ca/~tarau/logimoo/
  Note: link checked 18 July 2003 - failed.

• LPMUD
  http://genesis.cs.chalmers.se/.

• MediaMOO
  http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/MediaMOO/.

• Medievia
  http://www.medievia.com/.

• Meridian 59
  http://www.neardeathstudios.com.

• MicroMUSE
  http://www.musenet.org/.

• Monster
  http://www.skrenta.com/monster/.

• MOOSE Crossing
  http://www.cc.gatech.edu/elc/moose-crossing/.

• MUD1
  http://www.british-legends.com/.

• MUD2
  http://www.mud2.com or http://www.mudii.com.

• Neocron
  http://www.neocron.com.

• Northern Lights
  http://www.ludd.luth.se/mud/aber/northern_lights.html.

• Phantasy Star Online
  http://www.sonicteam.com/pso/.

• Pirates of the Burning Sea
  http://www.burningsea.com.

• Planetside
  http://planetside.station.sony.com/.

• PMC2
  http://www.iath.virginia.edu/pmc/pmc-moo.html.

• Project Entropia
  http://www.project-entropia.com/.

• SchMOOze University
  http://schmooze.hunter.cuny.edu:8888/.

• Seducity
  http://www.seducity.com.

• Shades
  http://games.world.co.uk/shades/.

• Shadowbane
  http://www.shadowbane.com.

• Shattered World
  http://www.shattered.org.

• Shoujo-Ai MUSH
  http://www.shoujoai.com/mush/.

• Star Wars Galaxies
  http://starwarsgalaxies.station.sony.com/.

• SvenskMUD
  http://svmud.lysator.liu.se.

• The Jungle
  telnet://thejungle.dhs.org:4000
  Note: link checked 18 July 2003 - failed.

• The Kingdom of the Winds
  http://www.nexustk.com/.

• The Realm
  http://www.realmserver.com/.

• The Sims Online
  http://www.eagames.com/official/thesimsonline/home/index.jsp.

• TinyMUCK
  ftp://ftp.kanga.nu/pub/MUD/Servers/TinyMUCK/.

• TinyMUD
  ftp://ftp.kanga.nu/pub/MUD/Servers/TinyMUD/.

• TinyMUSH
  http://www.godlike.com/tm3/.

• Toontown
  http://www.toontown.com.

• TrekMUSE
  http://www.tos.net/
  Note: I'm not sure if this is the original TrekMUSE or not.

• Ultima Online
  http://www.uo.com.

• Underlight
  http://www.underlight.com.

• Void
  http://void.greenfinch.com/.

• Worlds of Carnage
  http://www.wocmud.org/.

For obscure codebases, good places to look are:

• The MUD-DEV Server Archive
  ftp://ftp.kanga.nu/pub/MUD/Servers/.

• Game.org
  http://ftp.game.org/cgi-bin/directory?/pub/mud/.

Other Stuff

These are some assorted organisations, games, tools, codebases and services I mention. They're not filed earlier - they only appear here:

• Active Worlds
  http://www.activeworlds.com.

• ADVENT
  http://www.xyzzy.com/adventure.zip.

• American Association for Artificial Intelligence
  http://www.aaai.org.

• Apolyton
  http://apolyton.net/civ3.

• Avatar
  http://www.heavyharmonies.com/Avatar/.

• Baldur's Gate
  http://www.interplay.com/games/product.asp?GameID=52.

• Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn
  http://www.interplay.com/games/product.asp?GameID=299.

• Box Office Mojo
  http://www.boxofficemojo.com.

• Center for On-Line Addiction
  http://www.netaddiction.com/.

• Circle
  http://www.circlemud.org/.

• Civ Fanatics
  http://www.civfanatics.com/.

• Computer Gaming World
  http://www.gamers.com/cgw/index.jsp.

• Crystal Space
  http://crystal.sourceforge.net.

• Dark Age of Camelot Videos
  http://camelotvault.ign.com/videos/.

• Darklands
  http://www.darklands.net/index.shtml (fan site).

• Doom
  http://www.idsoftware.com/games/doom/.

• Envy
  http://ftp.game.org/cgi-bin/directory?/pub/mud/diku/merc/envy.

• Epsilon
  http://www.epsilon.escend.net/.

• EQemu
  http://www.eqemu.net/.

• EthernalQuest
  http://www.ethernalquest.com.

• Europa 1400: The Guild
  http://www.jowood.com/gamers/index.php?site=2&lang=en&GameID=theguild.

• Final Fantasy
  http://www.square-enix-usa.com/.

• GNU General Public License
  http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.html.

• HAUNT
  http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/laird/haunt.html.

• Islandia
  http://www.apocalypse.org/pub/u/lpb/muddex/black-rose.txt (transcript).

• How to Host a Murder
  http://www.decipher.com/partyzone/howtohost/howtohostamurder/index.html.

• Journal of Virtual Environments
  http://www.brandeis.edu/pubs/jove.

• Manhole
  http://www.activision.com/en_US/news_article_cc/cc_historicaltimeline.html.

• Merc
  http://ftp.game.org/cgi-bin/directory?/pub/mud/diku/merc.

• Mines of Moria
  http://www-math.bgsu.edu/%7Egrabine/moria.html.

• MIT and Harvard Law School: Legal/Technical Architectures of Cyberspace, Fall 1998
  http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/6095/student-papers/fall98-papers/student-papers.html.

• Massive Online Gaming
  http://www.mogonline.com.

• MOO
  http://www.moo.mud.org/.

• Morrowind
  http://www.morrowind.com.

• Mudlinks
  http://www.cuddle-puddle.org/~mudlinks/lg.html
  Note: link checked 22 July 2003 - failed.

• MudRanger
  http://www.mudranger.com/.
  Note: this site is now nothing like what it was when I referenced it. You might want to try MudWorld instead.

• Muds Online
  http://www.mudsonline.com/.

• NeL
  http://www.nevrax.org.

• Orb Wars
  http://elonka.com/SimuTimeline.html.

• Orthanc
  http://www.heavyharmonies.com/Avatar/
  Note: this is the Avatar home page, which contains NovaNET portal software using which Orthanc can apparently be played.
  Warning: I haven't done this myself, so can't say whether it's virus-infected or not.

• Otaku World
  http://otakuworld.com/kiss/
  Note: this is a subscription site, but many of the dolls can be accessed from their authors' own sites, listed at:
  The Invisible KiSS Links
  http://www.antagonia.net/invisible/IKL.htm.

• Oubliette
  http://members.tripod.com/~rancourt/oub25.zip
  Note: I haven't tested this PC version of the game.

• Plaintext Players
  http://yin.arts.uci.edu/~players/.

• Planetfall
  http://www.csd.uwo.ca/Infocom/planetfall.html (fan site).

• Postmodern Culture
  http://www.iath.virginia.edu/pmc/.

• Quake
  http://www.idsoftware.com/games/quake.

• Quakeforge
  http://sourceforge.net/projects/quake.

• ROM
  http://www.hypercube.org/tess/rom/.

• Silly
  http://ftp.game.org/cgi-bin/directory?/pub/mud/diku/silly.

• Skotos
  http://www.skotos.net/articles/.

• Sphere
  http://www.sphereserver.com/.

• The MUD Connector
  http://www.mudconnect.com.

• The Patrician
  http://free-game-downloads.mosw.com/abandonware/pc/strategy_games/games_o_p/patrician_the.html
  Note: The Patrician is apparently abandonware, and can be downloaded as such from this site.
  Warning: I haven't done this myself, so can't say whether it's virus-infected or not.

• The Patrician II
  http://www.ascaron.com/gb/gb_patrician2/gb_patrician2_frameset_ie.html.

• The Sims
  http://thesims.ea.com/.

• The Smithys Anvil
  http://www.smithysanvil.com/.

• UOX
  http://www.uox3dev.net/
  Note: link checked 22 July 2003 - failed.

• Wired
  http://www.wired.com/.

• Womengamers.com
  http://www.womengamers.com.

• Worldforge
  http://www.worldforge.org.

• zMUD
  http://www.zuggsoft.com/zmud/zmudinfo.htm.

• ZORK
  http://www.csd.uwo.ca/Infocom/zork1.html.

Departments

• The Home page.
• News and updates.
• Errata of factual errors in the book.
• Some links to potentially interesting material that I didn't or couldn't reference for whatever reason.
• The site's usage conditions and privacy policy.

Copyright © Richard A. Bartle (richard@mud.co.uk)
17^th June, 2003.